Alzheimer's disease (AD)

     Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by synaptic loss and neuronal death observed in brain regions responsible for cognitive functions. The neurodegeneration that involves Alzheimer's disease begins with the proteolytic cleavage of the amyloid precursor protein (app), resulting in the production of amyloid-β (aβ), its aggregation and deposition, as well as the formation of senile plaques.

Characteristics of early-onset Alzheimer's:

-Occurs in people aged 30 to 60 (5% of total AD cases)

-Mostly hereditary, known as familial Alzheimer's disease: Single mutations cause abnormal protein formation. Mutations in the amyloid precursor protein (APP) gene, presenilin gene (PSEN1) and presenilin gene (PSEN2), where these changes can result in abnormal protein functions and abnormal protein break down amyloid, which causes damage to amyloid plaques, a characteristic of the disease. Most PSEN1 and PSEN2 mutations are autosomal dominantly inherited.

Features of Late-Onset Alzheimer's:

-Occurs in people over 60 years of age (more than 90% of AD cases)

-Increased risk associated with the APOE ε4 allele.

-Combination of genetics, environment and lifestyle factors. Interaction of genetic susceptibility with environmental factors such as oxidative stress and inflammation.

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