Oppositional defiant disorder (ODD)

    Oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) involves a frequent and ongoing pattern of anger, irritability, argument, and defiance toward parents and other authority figures. ODD also includes being spiteful and seeking revenge, a behavior called revenge. These emotional and behavioral issues cause serious problems with family life, social activities, school, and work.

    The heritability of ODD is estimated to be about 50%, and there is substantial genetic overlap with conduct disorder (CD). Genetic effects also appear to underlie the association between ODD and ADHD and major depressive disorder. Gene-environment interactions also appear to be significant in the development of ODD. Typically, people with ODD have:

-Undermethylation or undermethylation

-High histamine

-Low MAOA (neurotransmitter) levels

-High cortisol 

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