The four types of autism

             ASD is the umbrella term for the group of complex neurodevelopmental disorders that make up autism. According to the DSM-5, autism is defined as a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by difficulties in social interaction, communication and repetitive and restricted behaviors.

The four types of autism

- Asperger's syndrome or level 1 autism: the mildest form of the autism spectrum, where intelligence can be high and the ability to carry out daily activities is preserved. However, there is difficulty in social interaction.

- Pervasive developmental disorder: autism more severe than Asperger syndrome but not as severe as autistic disorder.

- Autistic disorder: more severe level than Pervasive Developmental Disorder.

- Disorder disintegrative of childhood: more severe cases of the spectrum, where children develop normally and then lose social, language and cognitive skills, generally occurring between 2 and 4 years.

          A family history of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder can be a risk factor for having a child with ASD.

Neural pruning can be summarized as a “cleaning” that the brain does by discarding neurons and synapses that are not being used. Neuronal pruning occurs throughout life, starting in utero, however, in a much more intense and important way in two phases: around 1 and a half years to 3 years and, later, in adolescence. Around 1/3 of autism cases are regressive autism, which is largely related to the more intense neural pruning that occurs in childhood, between 1 and 3 years old. Adolescents on the autism spectrum are at greater risk of developing schizophrenia, especially when there is a genetic predisposition.

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