Clinical Significance of Urine Examination

Urine is formed as an ultrafiltrate of blood plasma in the kidneys. It is therefore the primary medium through which the body eliminates excess water and dissolved salts, along with numerous metabolic end products and foreign substances such as medications.

In addition to these chemical components, urine may also contain a number of biological structures in the form of (blood) cells, bacteria, parasites, etc.

If the urine sediment contains one or more organized microscopic components, this may indicate a disease, for example, of the kidneys or bladder. Only those components that may be indicative of the presence of a disease process are identified:

• Leukocytes

• Erythrocytes

• Renal Tubular Epithelial Cells (RTEC).

• Casts

• Crystals

• Bacteria

• Parasites/Amoebas

• Fungi/Yeast

• Fibers

The presence of erythrocytes in urine can be an indication of Hematuria.

Clinical significance: Hematuria (erythrocytes >10/μL or >3/ pfov) can have a renal, glomerulonephritis, postrenal (particularly bladder or prostate carcinoma, kidney stones, or urinary tract infection), or extrarenal cause (coagulation defects, medications).

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